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5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) is intracellularly phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to ZMP, an AMP mimetic that allosterically activates and promotes Thr172 phosphorylation of the α subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby increasing phosphorylation of substrates such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, while systematic reviews document multiple AMPK-independent effects of AICAR and ZMP on purine nucleotide metabolism, signaling pathways, and cellular processes.
Product Name: AICAR
CAS number: 2627-69-2
Molecular formula: C₉H₁₄N₄O₅
Molecular mass: 258.23 g/mol
PubChem CID: 17513
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) is a cell-permeable nucleoside analog that undergoes intracellular phosphorylation by adenosine kinase to generate 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl 5′-monophosphate (ZMP). ZMP acts as an AMP mimetic, binding to the γ regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and promoting both allosteric activation and Thr172 phosphorylation of the α catalytic subunit. In experimental models utilizing cultured cells and laboratory animals, AICAR administration results in increased phosphorylation of established AMPK substrates such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and elicits changes in cellular energy metabolism, gene expression, and mitochondrial parameters. However, systematic reviews have documented multiple AMPK-independent effects of AICAR and ZMP, including influences on purine nucleotide biosynthesis, NF-κB signaling, and cell proliferation pathways. These dual actions emphasize the importance of appropriate controls when employing AICAR to interrogate AMPK signaling.
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